![]() ![]() ![]() Shorter essays present perspectives on ICS from China, Japan and New Zealand.The question is whether there is a distinctive organizational framework that is recog- nizable in all countries as the ICS, or whether there is a general set of principles for mobilizing and organizing emergency response operations that has generated a varied set of ICSs as they have been adapted to different operational contexts, resources, and training procedures for emergency personnel. This special issue examines the process of implementation, change and adaptation of ICS as a strategy for mobilizing and managing disaster operations in comparative perspective, focusing on ICS in practice in the United States, France, the Netherlands and Norway. ![]() Yet, over these four decades, fundamental changes in information tech- nology have altered the methods, modes and timelinessof communication among both professional personnel directly engaged in disaster operations and residents of the communities that are threatened by extreme events. For more than four decades, ICS as a framework for managing multi-organizational disaster response opera- tions has been emulated, criticized, adapted and implemented in different forms, not only in the United States, but in many countries around the world. ![]()
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